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ABD tarihinin en b\u00fcy\u00fck ter\u00f6r sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131 olan 11 Eyl\u00fcl sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131 22. y\u0131l\u0131na girerken hayat\u0131n\u0131 yitirenlerin yak\u0131nlar\u0131 ve ma\u011fdurlar taraf\u0131ndan a\u00e7\u0131lan davalar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funun hala bir sonuca ba\u011flanamamas\u0131 tepki \u00e7ekiyor.<\/p>\n
Say\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n 10 bin civar\u0131nda oldu\u011fu belirtilen 11 Eyl\u00fcl ma\u011fdurlar\u0131 ve yak\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n, sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131n faillerinin bulunmas\u0131 ve tazminat talebiyle a\u00e7t\u0131klar\u0131 davalardan baz\u0131lar\u0131 sonu\u00e7suz kal\u0131rken avukatl\u0131k firmalar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcstlendi\u011fi baz\u0131 davalar ise neredeyse \u00e7eyrek as\u0131r ge\u00e7mi\u015f olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen karara ba\u011flanamad\u0131.<\/p>\n
\u00d6te yandan 11 Eyl\u00fcl’\u00fcn 5 \u015f\u00fcphelisi olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclen mahkumlar\u0131n uzla\u015fma g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeleri de hala belirsizli\u011fini koruyor.<\/p>\n
Eyl\u00fcl 2001’de New York’un Wall Street b\u00f6lgesindeki \u0130kiz Kuleler ile Pentagon’un yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 noktalara d\u00fczenlenen hava sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131nda hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybedenlerin yak\u0131nlar\u0131 ve ma\u011fdurlar, hala net olarak sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131n kimin taraf\u0131ndan finanse edildi\u011finin cevab\u0131n\u0131 alamad\u0131.<\/p>\n
Sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131n ma\u011fdurlar\u0131, ge\u00e7en y\u0131llar boyunca 4 ABD Ba\u015fkan\u0131’n\u0131n deste\u011fini alabilmek i\u00e7in hukuk firmalar\u0131 arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla lobi \u015firketlerine para \u00f6demek dahil bir\u00e7ok yolu denemek zorunda kald\u0131.<\/p>\n
FBI’n\u0131n 4 Nisan 2016 tarihinde yay\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 soru\u015fturma belgesinde 11 Eyl\u00fcl sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan u\u00e7aklar\u0131 ka\u00e7\u0131ran Suudi Arabistan vatanda\u015flar\u0131ndan ikisine sa\u011flanan lojistik<\/a> destekle ilgili bilgi yer al\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n Sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131n 20. y\u0131l\u0131na g\u00fcnler kala ABD Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Joe Biden’\u0131n verdi\u011fi talimat \u00fczerine FBI, baz\u0131 detaylar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klam\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n Belgelerin payla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 karar\u0131n\u0131, Washington’daki Suudi Arabistan B\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7ili\u011fi memnuniyetle kar\u015f\u0131lam\u0131\u015f, “ba\u011flant\u0131” iddialar\u0131n\u0131 yalanlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n Kamuoyuyla payla\u015f\u0131lan 16 sayfal\u0131k dosya, hava korsanlar\u0131n\u0131n ABD’deki Suudi i\u015f birlik\u00e7ileriyle temaslar\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koysa da Suudi h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin sald\u0131r\u0131larda rol\u00fcn\u00fcn bulundu\u011funu kan\u0131tlayan bir belge bulunmuyordu.<\/p>\n Ma\u011fdur yak\u0131nlar\u0131, sald\u0131r\u0131larda kullan\u0131lan yolcu u\u00e7aklar\u0131n\u0131 ka\u00e7\u0131ran 19 ter\u00f6ristten 15’inin Suudi Arabistanl\u0131 olmas\u0131n\u0131 ve FBI’n\u0131n belgelerini gerek\u00e7e g\u00f6stererek New York G\u00fcney B\u00f6lge Mahkemesi’ne A\u011fustos 2021’de dava a\u00e7m\u0131\u015f ve Suudi yetkililerin sorgulanmas\u0131n\u0131 istemi\u015fti.<\/p>\n D\u00fcnya Ticaret Merkezi’nde hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybedenlerin yak\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n avukat\u0131 Jim Kreindler, kamuya a\u00e7\u0131klanan belgelerin “Suudi h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin 11 Eyl\u00fcl sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131nda sorumlulu\u011funun oldu\u011funa ili\u015fkin” iddialar\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lendirdi\u011fini savunmu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n Kreindler & Kreindler Hukuk B\u00fcrosu’nun internet sitesindeki bilgilere g\u00f6re 11 Eyl\u00fcl ma\u011fdurlar\u0131, Suudi ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 Bosna-Hersek’e Yard\u0131m Y\u00fcksek Komisyonunun (SHC) 11 Eyl\u00fcl sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 finanse etmek amac\u0131yla El Kaide’ye para aktard\u0131\u011f\u0131 gerek\u00e7esiyle dava a\u00e7t\u0131.<\/p>\n Ancak ABD’de 1976’da y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe giren Yabanc\u0131 Egemen Dokunulmazl\u0131klar Yasas\u0131’na g\u00f6re (FSIA), Suudi Arabistan’\u0131n ABD D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n Ter\u00f6r\u00fc Destekleyen Devletler Listesi’nde yer almamas\u0131, davada ad\u0131 ge\u00e7en ki\u015fileri dokunulmaz k\u0131l\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n Davan\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc mahkemenin karar\u0131nda “SHC, Suudi Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan Bosnal\u0131 M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlara insani yard\u0131m amac\u0131yla olu\u015fturulan ve denetimi yap\u0131lan bir kurulu\u015ftur. Bir\u00e7ok SHC \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan\u0131, Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131n maa\u015f bordrosunda g\u00f6z\u00fckmekte olup Suudi Arabistan’daki idari mahkemelerde dava edilebilir.” ifadeleri yer ald\u0131.<\/p>\n Bunun \u00fczerine davac\u0131lar, Bosna’da kay\u0131t yapt\u0131r\u0131rken kendisini “h\u00fck\u00fcmetle ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131 bulunmayan kurulu\u015f” olarak tan\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in SHC’nin dokunulmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan feragat etti\u011fini \u00f6ne s\u00fcrd\u00fc ve mahkemeden ABD’ye sava\u015f ilan eden El Kaide’yi destekleyenlerin \u00fczerinde geni\u015f bir ki\u015fisel yarg\u0131 yetkisi istedi.<\/p>\n Mahkeme, davac\u0131lar\u0131n ter\u00f6ristlere yard\u0131m ettiklerine inand\u0131klar\u0131 prenslerin, Suudi Devletinden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z yarg\u0131lanmas\u0131 talebini de “davac\u0131lar\u0131n 4 prensin 11 Eyl\u00fcl sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 y\u00f6netti\u011fine veya bir ajana (veya El Kaide’ye) sald\u0131r\u0131 i\u00e7in talimat verdi\u011fine dair delil sunamad\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7in, El Kaide ile i\u015f ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131 olan be\u015finci prens ise i\u015f anla\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 ABD’de ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmedi\u011finden” yarg\u0131lanamayaca\u011f\u0131na h\u00fckmederek reddetti.<\/p>\n \u0130kinci B\u00f6lge Mahkemesinin karar\u0131, davac\u0131lar\u0131 hayal k\u0131r\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131na u\u011frat\u0131rken ABD B\u00f6lge Yarg\u0131c\u0131 George B. Daniels’a devredilen dava, dokunulmazl\u0131klar\u0131 bulunmayan ve El Kaide \u00fcyesi ter\u00f6ristlerle do\u011frudan ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n oldu\u011fu \u00f6ne s\u00fcr\u00fclen bir dizi san\u0131k aleyhine devam ediyor.<\/p>\n ABD Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Biden’\u0131n, Afganistan’\u0131n New York bankalar\u0131nda bulunan ve Taliban’\u0131n y\u00f6netimi ele ge\u00e7irmesi \u00fczerine ihtiyati tedbir konulan 7 milyar dolar\u0131n\u0131n yar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n 11 Eyl\u00fcl ma\u011fdurlar\u0131na tazminat olarak da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lmas\u0131na y\u00f6nelik karar\u0131, bu paradan ilk s\u0131rada faydalanmak isteyenlerle daha fazla tazminat beklentisi bulunan davac\u0131lar\u0131 birbirine d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrd\u00fc.<\/p>\n ABD Kongresi’nde \u015eubat 2022’de onaylanan Ter\u00f6rizm Kurbanlar\u0131 Yasas\u0131 gere\u011fi, 11 Eyl\u00fcl ma\u011fdurlar\u0131na yakla\u015f\u0131k 3,5 milyar dolar<\/a> \u00f6denmesi plan\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girmi\u015f, durumuna g\u00f6re baz\u0131 ailelerin di\u011ferlerine g\u00f6re ek \u00f6demeler alabilece\u011fi bildirilmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n Karar\u0131n ard\u0131ndan 11 Eyl\u00fcl ma\u011fdurlar\u0131n\u0131 temsil eden firmalardan Kreindler & Kreindler Hukuk B\u00fcrosu, mahkemeye g\u00f6nderdi\u011fi mektupta sadece Taliban’a 2012’de dava a\u00e7an ve “Havlish davac\u0131lar\u0131” diye bilinen gruba \u00f6deme yap\u0131lmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131karak kendi m\u00fcvekkillerinin de bu parada hakk\u0131n\u0131n oldu\u011funu savundu.<\/p>\n Mahkemeye yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 mektupta avukat James P. Kreindler, “Havlish davac\u0131lar\u0131”n\u0131n 11 Eyl\u00fcl’de \u00f6len sadece 47 ki\u015fiyi temsil etti\u011fini ve mahkemenin bu karar\u0131n\u0131n “\u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclen di\u011fer 2 bin 930 ki\u015finin ailelerinin zarar\u0131na olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131” savundu.<\/p>\n Bu geli\u015fmelerden sonra ABD bas\u0131n\u0131nda 11 Eyl\u00fcl ma\u011fdurlar\u0131n\u0131n davalar\u0131n\u0131 kazanabilmek i\u00e7in bir\u00e7ok avukatl\u0131k firmas\u0131n\u0131n lobi firmalar\u0131na on binlerce dolar harcad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilgisine yer verildi.<\/p>\n 11 Eyl\u00fcl sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 organize etti\u011fi \u00f6ne s\u00fcr\u00fclerek 2003’te Pakistan’da yakalanan Halid \u015eeyh Muhammed’in hala sivil mahkemeye \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131, hukuki s\u00fcrecin sonu\u00e7lanmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcndeki en b\u00fcy\u00fck engeller aras\u0131nda g\u00f6steriliyor.<\/p>\n Tutukland\u0131ktan sonra “havas\u0131z b\u0131rakma, bo\u011fulma hissi yaratma, makattan su verme” gibi en a\u011f\u0131r i\u015fkenceler sonucu su\u00e7lu oldu\u011funu kabul eden Halid \u015eeyh Muhammed, 2008’de ilk kez Guantanamo’daki askeri mahkemeye \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n Wall Street Journal’\u0131n 30 Temmuz 2019 tarihli haberine g\u00f6re, 11 Eyl\u00fcl ter\u00f6r sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n planlay\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 oldu\u011fu \u00f6ne s\u00fcr\u00fclen Muhammed, hakk\u0131nda idam cezas\u0131 istenmemesi \u015fart\u0131yla i\u015fbirli\u011fi teklif etmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n Muhammed’in New York’taki sivil mahkemelerde yarg\u0131lanmas\u0131 planlar\u0131 ise kamuoyunun ve politikac\u0131lar\u0131n itiraz\u0131 \u00fczerine sonu\u00e7suz kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n ABD’nin K\u00fcba’da bulunan Guantanamo Deniz \u00dcss\u00fc’ndeki askeri mahkemede 11 Eyl\u00fcl sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 organize etmek ve sald\u0131r\u0131y\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftiren u\u00e7ak korsanlar\u0131na lojistik destek sa\u011flamakla su\u00e7lanan Muhammed dahil 5 ki\u015finin yarg\u0131lanmas\u0131na halen devam ediliyor.<\/p>\n Son olarak 5 \u015f\u00fcphelinin “uzla\u015fmaya girmesi” i\u00e7in s\u00fcre\u00e7 ba\u015flat\u0131ld\u0131 ancak aradan ge\u00e7en bir y\u0131lda bu da sonuca varamad\u0131.<\/p>\n 11 Eyl\u00fcl sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n kurbanlar\u0131n\u0131n aileleri, y\u0131l d\u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fc \u00f6ncesi Biden ve Kongreye g\u00f6nderdikleri mektupta t\u00fcm su\u00e7lular\u0131n adalet \u00f6n\u00fcne \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 ve ABD Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Joe Biden’a g\u00f6nderdikleri mektupta Guantanamo’daki mahkumlar\u0131n uzla\u015fma tekliflerini reddetmelerini istedi.<\/p>\n Beyaz Saray Ulusal G\u00fcvenlik Konseyi, Biden’\u0131n 7 Eyl\u00fcl’de \u00f6n\u00fcne getirilen uzla\u015fma \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131 reddetti\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131.<\/p>\n ABD, 11 Eyl\u00fcl sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n hemen ard\u0131ndan Irak ve Afganistan’a girdi. Net rakamlar bilinmese de bu i\u015fgaller sonucu yakla\u015f\u0131k 250 bin sivilin ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 yitirdi\u011fi tahmin ediliyor.<\/p>\n ABD’nin Afganistan’a girdi\u011fi 2001 ile \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 2021 aras\u0131ndaki 20 y\u0131ll\u0131k s\u00fcre\u00e7te yakla\u015f\u0131k 50 bin Afgan sivilin ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 yitirdi\u011fi belirtiliyor.<\/p>\n \u00d6te yandan, ABD’nin 2003’te girdi\u011fi Irak’ta da bug\u00fcne kadar 200 bin sivilin hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybetti\u011fi aktar\u0131l\u0131yor.<\/p>\nSald\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n ma\u011fdurlar\u0131 mahkemede umduklar\u0131n\u0131 bulamad\u0131<\/h2>\n
Biden’\u0131n tazminat karar\u0131 davac\u0131lar\u0131 b\u00f6ld\u00fc<\/h2>\n
San\u0131klar\u0131n yarg\u0131lanma s\u00fcreci y\u0131llara yay\u0131ld\u0131<\/h2>\n
Biden, 5 \u015f\u00fcphelinin uzla\u015fma teklifini reddetti<\/h2>\n
11 Eyl\u00fcl’\u00fcn ard\u0131ndan ABD’nin Irak ve Afganistan i\u015fgali y\u00fcz binlerce sivilin ya\u015fam\u0131na mal oldu<\/h2>\n
11 Eyl\u00fcl 2001’de ne oldu?<\/h2>\n