Ekonomide, sanayide ve teknolojide 80\u2019li y\u0131llarda ve sonras\u0131ndaki ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 performanslar, tutarl\u0131 \u00f6nceliklendirme ve odaklanma uygulamalar\u0131 sayesinde m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu. K\u00fcreselle\u015fme d\u00f6neminde \u00fclkelerin ekonomi y\u00f6netimleri t\u00fcm sekt\u00f6rlerde ayn\u0131 d\u00f6nemde at\u0131l\u0131m yapmay\u0131 tercih ettiklerinde ise sekt\u00f6r ba\u015f\u0131na d\u00fc\u015fen yat\u0131r\u0131m sermayesi ve yeti\u015fmi\u015f i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck d\u00fczeylerde kald\u0131. S\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 say\u0131da \u00fcr\u00fcne, \u00fcr\u00fcn grubuna ve sekt\u00f6re odaklanma y\u00f6nteminde mevcut sermaye stoku ve yeti\u015fmi\u015f i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc, az say\u0131da ama geli\u015fme potansiyeli y\u00fcksek olan sekt\u00f6rlere y\u00f6neltildi.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n
Bu odaklanma ile sa\u011flanan kaynak derinli\u011fi d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda \u00fcretim ve ihracat ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131 getirdi\u011finde olu\u015fan sermaye birikimi, bu kez ihmal edilen sekt\u00f6rlere y\u00f6nlendirildi. B\u00f6ylece orta vadede sanayinin teknolojik yo\u011funlu\u011fu ve d\u00fcnya pazarlar\u0131ndaki rekabet g\u00fcc\u00fc t\u00fcm sekt\u00f6rlerde y\u00fckseltilmi\u015f oldu. Odaklanma Japonya\u2019n\u0131n ve bu \u00fclkenin ard\u0131ndan G\u00fcney Kore, \u00c7in, Tayvan ve di\u011fer Do\u011fu Asya \u00fclkelerinin ba\u015far\u0131lar\u0131nda rol oynayan fakt\u00f6rlerin ba\u015f\u0131nda geldi. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de odaklanma, savunma sanayisi, THY, Eti Maden ve benzeri sekt\u00f6r veya \u015firketlerin ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131nda \u201codaklanma\u201d \u00f6nemli bir rol oynad\u0131.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n
T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki odaklanma politikalar\u0131<\/span><\/h2>\nT\u00fcrkiye\u2019de g\u00f6reve gelen her sanayi ve teknoloji bakan\u0131 yeni bir hamle program\u0131 strateji veya yol haritas\u0131 ile i\u015fe ba\u015flad\u0131. Ancak odaklanma ve \u00f6nceliklendirme konusunda gerekli ad\u0131mlar at\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in uygulanan programlar ancak k\u0131smi ve ge\u00e7ici ba\u015far\u0131lar sa\u011flayabildi. Mustafa Varank\u2019\u0131n Sanayi ve Teknoloji Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 (STB) d\u00f6neminde haz\u0131rlan\u0131p 2019\u2019da uygulanmas\u0131na ba\u015flanan Teknoloji Odakl\u0131 Sanayi Hamlesi program\u0131nda te\u015fvik edilecek \u00fcr\u00fcn say\u0131s\u0131 919\u2019a, yenilik\u00e7i teknoloji alan\u0131 say\u0131s\u0131 ise 161\u2019e kadar \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yordu. Bu programda odaklanmaya \u00f6nem verilmemi\u015f, \u00e7ok say\u0131da konuda ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olmak isteyenin hi\u00e7bir konuda ba\u015far\u0131 sa\u011flayamayaca\u011f\u0131 ger\u00e7e\u011fi dikkate al\u0131nmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n
Genel se\u00e7im sonras\u0131nda Sanayi ve Teknoloji Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6revine getirilen Mehmet Fatih Kac\u0131r\u2019\u0131n ge\u00e7en 14 Temmuz tarihinde TOGG ayar\u0131nda en az 12 dolay\u0131nda projeye \u00f6ncelik verilece\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131, \u201codaklanma\u201d konusunda \u00f6nceki d\u00f6nemlere g\u00f6re daha ger\u00e7ek\u00e7i bir politika izlenece\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.<\/p>\n
Y\u00fcksek kapasiteli yat\u0131r\u0131m ihtiyac\u0131<\/span><\/h2>\nBakan Kac\u0131r, ayn\u0131 toplant\u0131da Katar\u2019\u0131n teklifiyle 65 nanometrelik \u00e7ipleri T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de \u00fcretmeye ba\u015flayacaklar\u0131n\u0131 ve yat\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n 60 milyon dolar\u0131 ge\u00e7ece\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131. Bu b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fckteki bir \u00e7ip yat\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin \u00f6zellikle savunma ve otomotiv sanayisindeki yar\u0131iletken malzeme ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lamas\u0131, ayr\u0131ca ihracat yapabilmesi zor olacak. D\u00fcnya \u00fclkelerinde \u00e7ip konusundaki yat\u0131r\u0131mlar i\u00e7in milyarlarca dolarl\u0131k kaynak ayr\u0131l\u0131yor. \u00d6rne\u011fin; Alman Bosch \u015firketi ba\u015flatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7ip yat\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n 3 milyar dolar<\/a> harcama ile tamamlanaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131. \u00dclkeler aras\u0131nda \u00e7ip \u00fcretimine en az kaynak ay\u0131ran \u00fclkelerden biri olan \u0130spanya\u2019da bile bu konudaki yat\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n hacminin 12 milyar dolar\u0131 bulaca\u011f\u0131 belirtildi.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\nHedefine bir y\u00fcksek teknoloji \u00fclkesi olmay\u0131 koyan T\u00fcrkiye \u00e7ip \u00fcretimi i\u00e7in 3 ile 4 milyar dolar aras\u0131nda bir tutar harcayarak b\u00fcy\u00fck bir tesis kurabilir. Gereken kaynak, T\u00fcrkiye Varl\u0131k Fonu\u2019ndan ve kurulacak bir yat\u0131r\u0131m konsorsiyumuna kat\u0131lacak b\u00fcy\u00fck sermaye gruplar\u0131, holdingler ve m\u00fcteahhitlik \u015firketleri taraf\u0131ndan kar\u015f\u0131lanabilir.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n
Nas\u0131l bir odaklanma politikas\u0131 gerekiyor<\/span><\/h2>\nOdaklanma s\u00fcrecinde a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki konular\u0131n dikkate al\u0131nmas\u0131 yarar sa\u011flayabilir:\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n
\u25a0 Tek bir \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00fcretiminin hedeflenmesi yerine sekt\u00f6rler veya alt sekt\u00f6rlerdeki teknolojik yo\u011funlu\u011fu y\u00fckseltecek yat\u0131r\u0131mlara \u00f6ncelik verilmesi daha ak\u0131lc\u0131 bir tercih olabilir. \u00d6rne\u011fin ihracat\u0131n ithalat\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lama oran\u0131n\u0131n bir t\u00fcrl\u00fc y\u00fczde 20\u2019nin \u00fcst\u00fcne \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 elektronik sekt\u00f6r\u00fcne odaklan\u0131lmas\u0131 ekonominin rekabet g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc daha k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcrede y\u00fckseltebilir. Odaklan\u0131lacak sekt\u00f6r veya \u00fcr\u00fcn grubu say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n d\u00f6rt veya be\u015f olarak belirlenmesi ise sermayenin ve yeti\u015fmi\u015f i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn daha etkili \u015fekilde kullan\u0131lmas\u0131na imk\u00e2n verir.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n
\u25a0 Odaklan\u0131lan \u00fcr\u00fcn grubu ve sekt\u00f6rler i\u00e7in temel bilimler ve teknoloji geli\u015ftirme alanlar\u0131nda ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar yapacak yeni nesil ara\u015ft\u0131rma enstit\u00fcleri kurulmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bu konuda Alman Fraunhofer veya ABD\u2019de Manifacturing USA kurulu\u015flar\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak kurulan enstit\u00fcler \u00f6rnek al\u0131nabilir.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n
\u25a0 Odaklan\u0131lan \u00fcr\u00fcn grubu veya sekt\u00f6rde \u00f6nce \u00f6zel sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn tek ba\u015f\u0131na \u015firket kurmas\u0131 imk\u00e2nlar\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Y\u00fcksek tutarda sermaye gerektiren ve riski de y\u00fcksek olun bu t\u00fcr yat\u0131r\u0131mlara \u00f6zel sekt\u00f6r ilgi g\u00f6stermedi\u011fi takdirde kamu-sekt\u00f6r\u00fc-\u00f6zel sekt\u00f6r ortakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00fcndeme gelebilir. Bu olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n da ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmedi\u011fi durumlarda devlet yeni tip bir K\u0130T (kamu iktisadi te\u015febb\u00fcsleri) modeli geli\u015ftirerek yat\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 ba\u015flatabilir.<\/p>\n
\u201cUpgrading\u201d s\u00fcrecinde sorun var<\/span><\/h2>\nEkonomide bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131, g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler, g\u00f6zlemler de \u00f6nemlidir ama son s\u00f6z\u00fc istatistikler ve g\u00f6stergeler s\u00f6yler. Modern bir sanayi tesisinin a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131nda bulunanlar veya ekonomi<\/a> gazeteleri ile dergilerindeki ba\u015far\u0131 \u00f6yk\u00fclerini okuyanlar, teknolojik ilerlemenin \u00e7ok h\u0131zl\u0131 oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnebilir ama bu konuda ger\u00e7ek\u00e7i bir fikir edinmek i\u00e7in teknolojik yo\u011funlu\u011funa g\u00f6re s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f \u00fcr\u00fcnlerdeki ihracat\u0131n ithalat\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lama oranlar\u0131na bakmak gerekir. Ayr\u0131ca farkl\u0131 teknolojik yo\u011funlu\u011fa sahip \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin \u00fcretim ve ihracat i\u00e7indeki paylar\u0131 da ekonominin teknoloji d\u00fczeyini ve yo\u011funlu\u011funu ger\u00e7ek\u00e7i bir \u015fekilde yans\u0131tabilir. .\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\nBir \u00fcr\u00fcnde, \u00fcr\u00fcn grubunda veya sekt\u00f6rde teknolojik yo\u011funlu\u011fun art\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u00e7ok zaman \u0130ngilizcedeki \u201cupgrading\u201d kelimesi ile de anlat\u0131l\u0131r. Teknolojik yo\u011funlu\u011fu y\u00fcksek bir \u00fcr\u00fcn grubu veya sekt\u00f6rdeki \u00fcretim art\u0131\u015f\u0131, ithalat\u0131 azalt\u0131p ihracat\u0131 y\u00fckselterek d\u0131\u015f ticaret ve cari i\u015flemler a\u00e7\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 geriletir. Ekonominin uzun y\u0131llar boyunca y\u00fcksek h\u0131zlarda b\u00fcy\u00fcmesi ancak teknolojik yo\u011funlu\u011fun her y\u0131l biraz daha artmas\u0131 ile m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olabilir. T\u00dc\u0130K\u2019in istatistikleri g\u0131da, tekstil ve konfeksiyon sekt\u00f6rlerini de i\u00e7eren d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck teknolojili \u00fcr\u00fcn grubunda ihracat\u0131n ithalat\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lama oranlar\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fczde 100\u2019\u00fcn \u00fcst\u00fcnde oldu\u011funu ve d\u0131\u015f ticaret fazlas\u0131 verildi\u011fini g\u00f6steriyor. Di\u011fer \u00fcr\u00fcn gruplar\u0131ndaki durum ise a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi pek i\u00e7 a\u00e7\u0131c\u0131 de\u011fil:<\/p>\n
\u25a0 \u00c7imento, cam, seramik, demir\u00e7elik, demir d\u0131\u015f\u0131 metaller \u00fcretimini ve petrol<\/a> rafinerilerini i\u00e7eren orta d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck teknoloji grubunda kar\u015f\u0131lama oran\u0131 y\u00fczde 100\u2019\u00fcn alt\u0131nda bulunuyor ve 2019\u2019dan bu yana geriliyor. 2018 \u00f6ncesindeki y\u0131llar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funda bu gruptaki ihracat de\u011feri ithalat\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcndeydi.<\/p>\n\u25a0 Kimya, otomotiv<\/a>, makine-te\u00e7hizat ve elektrikli te\u00e7hizat sekt\u00f6rlerini de kapsayan orta y\u00fcksek teknoloji grubunda da kar\u015f\u0131lama oran\u0131 y\u00fczde 100\u2019\u00fcn alt\u0131nda bulunuyor. Bu gruptaki kar\u015f\u0131lama oranlar\u0131 otomotivde gerilerken, makinete\u00e7hizatta duraklama e\u011filimine girdi. Yaln\u0131z kimya sanayisinde s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 bir art\u0131\u015f var.<\/p>\n\u25a0 Ara\u015ft\u0131rma ve geli\u015ftirme harcamalar\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fcksek oldu\u011fu ila\u00e7, havac\u0131l\u0131k, bilgisayar ve \u00e7ip \u00fcretimi ile telekom cihazlar\u0131n\u0131n bulundu\u011fu y\u00fcksek teknoloji grubunda ihracat\u0131n ithalat\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lama oranlar\u0131nda bir miktar art\u0131\u015f g\u00f6zlense de oran y\u00fczde 30\u2019un alt\u0131nda bulunuyor. Y\u00fcksek teknoloji \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinin ihracat i\u00e7indeki oran\u0131 ise yakla\u015f\u0131k 15 y\u0131ldan bu yana y\u00fczde 3 ile y\u00fczde 4 aras\u0131ndan kurtulamad\u0131. Para, kur, faiz<\/a> ve yat\u0131r\u0131m politikalar\u0131nda ak\u0131lc\u0131 uygulamalar ekonomide ancak k\u0131sa s\u00fcreli bir canlanma ortaya \u00e7\u0131karabilir. Ekonominin h\u0131zl\u0131 ve istikrarl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde b\u00fcy\u00fcmesi ise devletin bir yeniden sanayile\u015fme program\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131na, teknolojik ilerleme seferberli\u011fi ba\u015flatmas\u0131na ve yeni nesil ara\u015ft\u0131rma enstit\u00fcleri kurmas\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Bu konularda ad\u0131m at\u0131lmad\u0131k\u00e7a ekonomi d\u0131\u015f ticaret a\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131 prangas\u0131ndan kurtulamaz.<\/p>\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/i.ekonomim.com\/storage\/files\/images\/2023\/08\/15\/faruk-tab-FZW1.png\")
<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n
Bakan Kac\u0131r, ayn\u0131 toplant\u0131da Katar\u2019\u0131n teklifiyle 65 nanometrelik \u00e7ipleri T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de \u00fcretmeye ba\u015flayacaklar\u0131n\u0131 ve yat\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n 60 milyon dolar\u0131 ge\u00e7ece\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131. Bu b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fckteki bir \u00e7ip yat\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin \u00f6zellikle savunma ve otomotiv sanayisindeki yar\u0131iletken malzeme ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lamas\u0131, ayr\u0131ca ihracat yapabilmesi zor olacak. D\u00fcnya \u00fclkelerinde \u00e7ip konusundaki yat\u0131r\u0131mlar i\u00e7in milyarlarca dolarl\u0131k kaynak ayr\u0131l\u0131yor. \u00d6rne\u011fin; Alman Bosch \u015firketi ba\u015flatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7ip yat\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n 3 milyar dolar<\/a> harcama ile tamamlanaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131. \u00dclkeler aras\u0131nda \u00e7ip \u00fcretimine en az kaynak ay\u0131ran \u00fclkelerden biri olan \u0130spanya\u2019da bile bu konudaki yat\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n hacminin 12 milyar dolar\u0131 bulaca\u011f\u0131 belirtildi.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n Hedefine bir y\u00fcksek teknoloji \u00fclkesi olmay\u0131 koyan T\u00fcrkiye \u00e7ip \u00fcretimi i\u00e7in 3 ile 4 milyar dolar aras\u0131nda bir tutar harcayarak b\u00fcy\u00fck bir tesis kurabilir. Gereken kaynak, T\u00fcrkiye Varl\u0131k Fonu\u2019ndan ve kurulacak bir yat\u0131r\u0131m konsorsiyumuna kat\u0131lacak b\u00fcy\u00fck sermaye gruplar\u0131, holdingler ve m\u00fcteahhitlik \u015firketleri taraf\u0131ndan kar\u015f\u0131lanabilir.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n Odaklanma s\u00fcrecinde a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki konular\u0131n dikkate al\u0131nmas\u0131 yarar sa\u011flayabilir:\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n \u25a0 Tek bir \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00fcretiminin hedeflenmesi yerine sekt\u00f6rler veya alt sekt\u00f6rlerdeki teknolojik yo\u011funlu\u011fu y\u00fckseltecek yat\u0131r\u0131mlara \u00f6ncelik verilmesi daha ak\u0131lc\u0131 bir tercih olabilir. \u00d6rne\u011fin ihracat\u0131n ithalat\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lama oran\u0131n\u0131n bir t\u00fcrl\u00fc y\u00fczde 20\u2019nin \u00fcst\u00fcne \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 elektronik sekt\u00f6r\u00fcne odaklan\u0131lmas\u0131 ekonominin rekabet g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc daha k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcrede y\u00fckseltebilir. Odaklan\u0131lacak sekt\u00f6r veya \u00fcr\u00fcn grubu say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n d\u00f6rt veya be\u015f olarak belirlenmesi ise sermayenin ve yeti\u015fmi\u015f i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn daha etkili \u015fekilde kullan\u0131lmas\u0131na imk\u00e2n verir.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n \u25a0 Odaklan\u0131lan \u00fcr\u00fcn grubu ve sekt\u00f6rler i\u00e7in temel bilimler ve teknoloji geli\u015ftirme alanlar\u0131nda ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar yapacak yeni nesil ara\u015ft\u0131rma enstit\u00fcleri kurulmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bu konuda Alman Fraunhofer veya ABD\u2019de Manifacturing USA kurulu\u015flar\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak kurulan enstit\u00fcler \u00f6rnek al\u0131nabilir.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n \u25a0 Odaklan\u0131lan \u00fcr\u00fcn grubu veya sekt\u00f6rde \u00f6nce \u00f6zel sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn tek ba\u015f\u0131na \u015firket kurmas\u0131 imk\u00e2nlar\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Y\u00fcksek tutarda sermaye gerektiren ve riski de y\u00fcksek olun bu t\u00fcr yat\u0131r\u0131mlara \u00f6zel sekt\u00f6r ilgi g\u00f6stermedi\u011fi takdirde kamu-sekt\u00f6r\u00fc-\u00f6zel sekt\u00f6r ortakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00fcndeme gelebilir. Bu olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n da ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmedi\u011fi durumlarda devlet yeni tip bir K\u0130T (kamu iktisadi te\u015febb\u00fcsleri) modeli geli\u015ftirerek yat\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 ba\u015flatabilir.<\/p>\n Ekonomide bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131, g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler, g\u00f6zlemler de \u00f6nemlidir ama son s\u00f6z\u00fc istatistikler ve g\u00f6stergeler s\u00f6yler. Modern bir sanayi tesisinin a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131nda bulunanlar veya ekonomi<\/a> gazeteleri ile dergilerindeki ba\u015far\u0131 \u00f6yk\u00fclerini okuyanlar, teknolojik ilerlemenin \u00e7ok h\u0131zl\u0131 oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnebilir ama bu konuda ger\u00e7ek\u00e7i bir fikir edinmek i\u00e7in teknolojik yo\u011funlu\u011funa g\u00f6re s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f \u00fcr\u00fcnlerdeki ihracat\u0131n ithalat\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lama oranlar\u0131na bakmak gerekir. Ayr\u0131ca farkl\u0131 teknolojik yo\u011funlu\u011fa sahip \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin \u00fcretim ve ihracat i\u00e7indeki paylar\u0131 da ekonominin teknoloji d\u00fczeyini ve yo\u011funlu\u011funu ger\u00e7ek\u00e7i bir \u015fekilde yans\u0131tabilir. .\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n Bir \u00fcr\u00fcnde, \u00fcr\u00fcn grubunda veya sekt\u00f6rde teknolojik yo\u011funlu\u011fun art\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u00e7ok zaman \u0130ngilizcedeki \u201cupgrading\u201d kelimesi ile de anlat\u0131l\u0131r. Teknolojik yo\u011funlu\u011fu y\u00fcksek bir \u00fcr\u00fcn grubu veya sekt\u00f6rdeki \u00fcretim art\u0131\u015f\u0131, ithalat\u0131 azalt\u0131p ihracat\u0131 y\u00fckselterek d\u0131\u015f ticaret ve cari i\u015flemler a\u00e7\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 geriletir. Ekonominin uzun y\u0131llar boyunca y\u00fcksek h\u0131zlarda b\u00fcy\u00fcmesi ancak teknolojik yo\u011funlu\u011fun her y\u0131l biraz daha artmas\u0131 ile m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olabilir. T\u00dc\u0130K\u2019in istatistikleri g\u0131da, tekstil ve konfeksiyon sekt\u00f6rlerini de i\u00e7eren d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck teknolojili \u00fcr\u00fcn grubunda ihracat\u0131n ithalat\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lama oranlar\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fczde 100\u2019\u00fcn \u00fcst\u00fcnde oldu\u011funu ve d\u0131\u015f ticaret fazlas\u0131 verildi\u011fini g\u00f6steriyor. Di\u011fer \u00fcr\u00fcn gruplar\u0131ndaki durum ise a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi pek i\u00e7 a\u00e7\u0131c\u0131 de\u011fil:<\/p>\n \u25a0 \u00c7imento, cam, seramik, demir\u00e7elik, demir d\u0131\u015f\u0131 metaller \u00fcretimini ve petrol<\/a> rafinerilerini i\u00e7eren orta d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck teknoloji grubunda kar\u015f\u0131lama oran\u0131 y\u00fczde 100\u2019\u00fcn alt\u0131nda bulunuyor ve 2019\u2019dan bu yana geriliyor. 2018 \u00f6ncesindeki y\u0131llar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funda bu gruptaki ihracat de\u011feri ithalat\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcndeydi.<\/p>\n \u25a0 Kimya, otomotiv<\/a>, makine-te\u00e7hizat ve elektrikli te\u00e7hizat sekt\u00f6rlerini de kapsayan orta y\u00fcksek teknoloji grubunda da kar\u015f\u0131lama oran\u0131 y\u00fczde 100\u2019\u00fcn alt\u0131nda bulunuyor. Bu gruptaki kar\u015f\u0131lama oranlar\u0131 otomotivde gerilerken, makinete\u00e7hizatta duraklama e\u011filimine girdi. Yaln\u0131z kimya sanayisinde s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 bir art\u0131\u015f var.<\/p>\n \u25a0 Ara\u015ft\u0131rma ve geli\u015ftirme harcamalar\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fcksek oldu\u011fu ila\u00e7, havac\u0131l\u0131k, bilgisayar ve \u00e7ip \u00fcretimi ile telekom cihazlar\u0131n\u0131n bulundu\u011fu y\u00fcksek teknoloji grubunda ihracat\u0131n ithalat\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lama oranlar\u0131nda bir miktar art\u0131\u015f g\u00f6zlense de oran y\u00fczde 30\u2019un alt\u0131nda bulunuyor. Y\u00fcksek teknoloji \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinin ihracat i\u00e7indeki oran\u0131 ise yakla\u015f\u0131k 15 y\u0131ldan bu yana y\u00fczde 3 ile y\u00fczde 4 aras\u0131ndan kurtulamad\u0131. Para, kur, faiz<\/a> ve yat\u0131r\u0131m politikalar\u0131nda ak\u0131lc\u0131 uygulamalar ekonomide ancak k\u0131sa s\u00fcreli bir canlanma ortaya \u00e7\u0131karabilir. Ekonominin h\u0131zl\u0131 ve istikrarl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde b\u00fcy\u00fcmesi ise devletin bir yeniden sanayile\u015fme program\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131na, teknolojik ilerleme seferberli\u011fi ba\u015flatmas\u0131na ve yeni nesil ara\u015ft\u0131rma enstit\u00fcleri kurmas\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Bu konularda ad\u0131m at\u0131lmad\u0131k\u00e7a ekonomi d\u0131\u015f ticaret a\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131 prangas\u0131ndan kurtulamaz.<\/p>\nNas\u0131l bir odaklanma politikas\u0131 gerekiyor<\/span><\/h2>\n
\u201cUpgrading\u201d s\u00fcrecinde sorun var<\/span><\/h2>\n
<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n