Emre ERG\u00dcL<\/strong><\/p>\n D\u00fcnya, fosil yak\u0131tlar\u0131n \u201cOUT,\u201d elektrik ve yenilebilir enerjinin \u201cIN\u201d olaca\u011f\u0131 bir sistem ge\u00e7i\u015fi ya\u015f\u0131yor\u2026 Bu noktada da emtia piyasalar\u0131nda an\u0131lan 4 \u00fcr\u00fcn \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor: Bak\u0131r, kobalt, nikel ve lityum\u2026 \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc enerji merkezinde yer alan bu metaller art\u0131k emtia piyasalar\u0131n\u0131n yeni s\u00fcperg\u00fc\u00e7leri olarak an\u0131l\u0131yor. Enerji ge\u00e7i\u015finin merkezindeki bu s\u00fcperg\u00fc\u00e7ler d\u00fcnya \u00fczerinde sadece birka\u00e7 \u00fclke taraf\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131l\u0131yor.<\/p>\n \u00d6rne\u011fin k\u00fcresel kobalt \u00fcretiminin y\u00fczde 70\u2019i Demokratik Kongo Cumhuriyeti\u2019nin elinde. Nikelin ilk \u00fc\u00e7 \u00fcreticisi olan Endonezya, Filipinler ve Rusya, pazar\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7te ikisini olu\u015fturuyor. Global lityum pazar\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fczde 90\u2019\u0131 da bir ba\u015fka \u00fc\u00e7l\u00fcye, Avustralya, \u015eili ve \u00c7in\u2019e ait. \u0130ngiliz Financial Times (FT)gazetesine g\u00f6re, s\u00fcperg\u00fc\u00e7leri \u00fcreten bu \u00fclkeler, \u201cuyan\u0131\u015f\u201da ge\u00e7ti ve art\u0131k maden \u00e7\u0131karma kurallar\u0131n\u0131 yeniden yazmak istiyor.<\/p>\n Nedeni de ba\u015fta \u00e7ip \u00fcretimi olmak \u00fczere bir\u00e7ok yeni teknoloji i\u00e7in gerekli bu metallere olan talep k\u0131sa s\u00fcre i\u00e7inde yo\u011funla\u015facak. Uluslararas\u0131 Enerji Ajans\u0131\u2019na g\u00f6re, 2030 gibi bu kilit emtia \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinde taebe kar\u015f\u0131 arz sorunu \u00e7\u0131kacak: \u201c10 y\u0131lda yeni olu\u015fan lityum pazar\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7 kat\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 gerekecek, bak\u0131r arz\u0131 da 2.4 milyon ton eksik olacak!\u201d<\/p>\n Bu noktada da artan talep, enerji d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n hem ekonomisini hem de jeopoliti\u011fini sarsmaya ba\u015fl\u0131yor. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc Bat\u0131\u2019ya g\u00f6re, tart\u0131\u015fman\u0131n ortas\u0131nda lityum ve kobalt \u00fcreticisi olan \u00c7in var. FT, \u201cWashington, Br\u00fcksel ve Tokyo, Pekin\u2019in y\u00f6r\u00fcngesine u\u011framadan bu kritik \u00fcr\u00fcnleri nas\u0131l g\u00fcvenli \u015fekilde tedarik edebileceklerini g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcyor\u201d diyor. Bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeler de bug\u00fcne kadar \u201ck\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ve az geli\u015fmi\u015f\u201d diye bak\u0131lan baz\u0131 \u00fclkeleri \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131karmaya ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n Bu \u00fclkelerin bir\u00e7o\u011fu, yurt i\u00e7inde daha fazla i\u015fleme ve katma de\u011ferli \u00fcretim yaparak minerallerinin de\u011ferinden daha fazlas\u0131n\u0131 yakalamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor. Baz\u0131lar\u0131 ayr\u0131ca maden kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131 millile\u015ftirerek, ihracat kontrolleri getirerek ve hatta karteller \u00f6nererek arz\u0131 kontrol etmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor. FT\u2019ye g\u00f6re, \u00f6zetle \u201cd\u00fcn\u00fcn s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc kurbanlar\u0131, bug\u00fcn kaderlerinin kontrol\u00fcn\u00fc geri alma yetkisi kazan\u0131yor.\u201d \u0130\u015fte birka\u00e7 \u00f6rnek: Sadece son 12 ayda, Zimbabve ve Namibya ham lityum ihracat\u0131n\u0131 yasaklad\u0131. \u015eili, lityum madencili\u011fi \u00fczerindeki devlet kontrol\u00fcn\u00fc art\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n Meksika madencilik imtiyazlar\u0131n\u0131n yeni bir g\u00f6zden ge\u00e7irmesiyle olu\u015fan lityum end\u00fcstrisini belirsizli\u011fe s\u00fcr\u00fckledi. Endonezya, ham nikel cevheri ihracat\u0131na y\u00f6nelik var olan yasa\u011f\u0131na (al\u00fcminyumun temel bir bile\u015feni) boksit \u00fczerindeki ihracat kontrollerini ekledi.\u015eili ve Mo\u011folistan’da masaya oturan \u00e7ok uluslu madencilik \u015firketi Rio Tinto\u2019nun CEO\u2019su Jakob Stausholm, yeni d\u00f6nemi \u015f\u00f6yle anlat\u0131yor: “Bir de\u011fi\u015flim var. Sadece madencilik yapmak, madeni \u00e7\u0131karmak ve ihra\u00e7 etmek muhtemelen giderek daha zor olacak. \u00dclkeler madencilikle ilgili baz\u0131 i\u015fleme tesislerine sahip olmak isteyeceklerdir.\u201d<\/p>\n Bu y\u00fczy\u0131l g\u00fc\u00e7 pil \u00fcreticilerinde<\/strong><\/p>\n 19\u2019uncu y\u00fczy\u0131lda k\u00f6m\u00fcr, 20\u2019nci y\u00fczy\u0131lda kalay y\u00fckseldi. Yeni d\u00f6nemde g\u00fc\u00e7, pil metalleri \u00fcreticilerinin olacak. FT\u2019ye g\u00f6re, bunun en b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6rne\u011fi nikelin d\u00fcnyadaki neredeyse yar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 \u00fcreten Endonezya: \u201c\u00dclke, 2014’te ham nikel ihracat\u0131n\u0131 yasaklad\u0131ktan sonra, ba\u015fta \u00c7in olmak \u00fczere nikel i\u015fleme alan\u0131nda 15 milyar dolar yabanc\u0131 yat\u0131r\u0131m \u00e7ekti. Bug\u00fcn \u00fclke, nikel cevherinden boksite kadar her \u015feyin ihracat\u0131n\u0131 yasaklad\u0131 ve bak\u0131r konsantresi ihracat yasa\u011f\u0131 gelecek y\u0131l y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girecek.\u201d<\/p>\n Arjantin\u2019den 9.6 milyar $’l\u0131k yat\u0131r\u0131m<\/strong><\/p>\n Lityuma yat\u0131r\u0131mda bir ba\u015fka \u00fclke (Arjantin) dikkatleri \u00e7ekiyor. \u00dclkedeki 23 eyaletin kendi do\u011fal kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131 kontrol etti\u011fine dikkat \u00e7eken gazete, \u00fclkenin 38 yeni projeye yakla\u015f\u0131k 9.6 milyar dolarl\u0131k lityum yat\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n alt\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7iziyor. Arjantin Madencilik Bakan\u0131 Fernanda \u00c1vila da “Lityuma yat\u0131r\u0131m hi\u00e7 durmad\u0131 ve bence bu, \u00f6zel yat\u0131r\u0131ma a\u00e7\u0131k olmam\u0131z ve di\u011fer \u00fclkelerde uygulanan politikalara ili\u015fkin belirsizlikle ilgili” diye konu\u015fuyor.<\/p>\n Kobalt kullan\u0131m alanlar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n -Cam ve metal birle\u015ftirmelerinde, jet motoru gaz t\u00fcrbinleri<\/p>\n – Paslanmaz \u00e7elik \u00fcretimi<\/p>\n -M\u0131knat\u0131slar ve veri saklama cihazlar\u0131<\/p>\n – Jet motoru gaz t\u00fcrbinlerinde kullan\u0131lan s\u00fcper ala\u015f\u0131mlar<\/p>\n – Elektrolizle kaplama i\u015flemi<\/p>\n -Elektronik e\u015fyalarda kullan\u0131lan y\u00fcksek kapasiteli lityum piller<\/p>\n -Boya sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde renk verici pigmentler<\/p>\n -Petrol, seramik ve cam sanayi<\/p>\n Bak\u0131r\u0131n kullan\u0131m alanlar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n -Elektrik \u00fcretim ve iletimi ile ilgili tesisleri<\/p>\n -\u0130n\u015faat<\/p>\n -Ula\u015f\u0131m<\/p>\n -Makine ve te\u00e7hizat<\/p>\n Nikelin kullan\u0131m alanlar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n -Bozuk para \u00fcretimi<\/p>\n -Kimyasal ara\u00e7 ve gere\u00e7lerin \u00fcretimi<\/p>\n – Paslanmaz \u00e7elik \u00fcretimi<\/p>\n Lityumun kullan\u0131m alanlar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n -T\u0131bbi ila\u00e7 \u00fcretimi<\/p>\n – Telefon, tablet, bilgisayar gibi teknolojik aletlerin bataryalar\u0131<\/p>\n – Cam ve seramik sekt\u00f6r\u00fc<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/i.dunya.com\/storage\/files\/images\/2023\/08\/10\/1-w30X.jpg\")
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